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- <text id=93CT1719>
- <link 90TT0297>
- <link 89TT1597>
- <title>
- Hong Kong--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- East Asia
- Hong Kong
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> British attempts to trade with China by sea began in the
- early 17th century, but the first successful venture was carried
- out by the British East India Company in 1699. Until 1834, the
- East India Company had a monopoly on British trade with China,
- which it conducted through the Qing (Ching) Emperor's
- specially-appointed merchants at Guangzhou (Canton).
- </p>
- <p> Concerned about the increased use of Indian-produced opium
- in China, the Qing government attempted to end the opium trade
- in 1839. The British retaliated, and the first Anglo-Chinese
- (or Opium) War (1839-42) ended with the signing of the Treaty
- of Nanjing (Nanking) in 1842, granting Hong Kong Island in
- perpetuity to the United Kingdom. During the Arrow War
- (1850-60), the Kowloon Peninsula was occupied by British forces.
- The occupation was acknowledged shortly thereafter by a
- perpetual lease to the 9-square kilometer (3.5-sq. mi.) area
- south of Boundary Street, in present-day Kowloon. This lease,
- granted by the Qing viceroy at Guangzhou, was made an outright
- cession by the Treaty of Beijing (Peking). The New Territories,
- 949 square kilometers (365 sq. mi.), were leased to the British
- for 99 years in the Anglo-Chinese Convention of Beijing in 1898.
- </p>
- <p> Declared a free port in 1841, Hong Kong developed as a
- warehousing and distribution center for British trade with
- southern China but was later eclipsed in size and importance by
- Shanghai. Not until after 1949 did Hong Kong develop into the
- leading manufacturing, commercial and tourist center that it is
- today.
- </p>
- <p> Aided by prudent fiscal policies, Hong Kong's hard-working
- and imaginative people have created a standard of living matched
- by few developing areas. Life expectancy, literacy, per capita
- in come, and other figures indicate Hong Kong's economic and
- social achievements over the last four decades.
- </p>
- <p>Current Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> In October 1982, talks began between Chinese and British
- representatives concerning Hong Kong's future after June 30,
- 1997, the expiration date of the lease on the New Territories,
- which comprise 92% of Hong Kong's total area. After 2 years of
- negotiations, the two sides agreed on a joint declaration
- (signed in December 1984). The agreement, under which Hong Kong
- will become a Special Administrative Region of China in 1997,
- contains numerous guarantees that Hong Kong will be able to
- maintain its economic character and lifestyle for 50 years to
- the year 2047.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- November 1988.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-